美国阀门知识(美标阀门)
Valve Knowledge一、阀门结构种类、材质、认证
Valve Design, Materials, and Approvals阀门结构种类
Valve Design Choices
1. 多回转阀门
1. Multi-Turn
a) 闸阀
a) Gate
b) 截止阀/角-截止阀
b) Globe/Angle-Globe
2. 90o回转阀门
2. Quarter-Turn
a) 球阀
a) Ball
b) 蝶阀－弹性阀座
b) Butterfly-resilient seated
3. 止回阀(阻止倒流)
3. Check (backflow prevention)
a) 旋启式
a) Swing
b) 升降式
b) Lift
c) 弹簧驱动式
c) Spring-actuated
4. 连接端口
4. End connections材质
Materials
1. 青铜(压力150 psi下温度可达287oC；温度65oC下压力可达600 psi)，通径范围：DN8至DN80
1. Bronze (up to 550°F at 150 psi/up to 600 psi at 150°F) 1/4"-3"
2. 铸铁(压力250 psi下温度可达232oC；温度37oC下压力可达500 psi)，通径范围：DN50至DN600
2. Cast Iron (up to 450°F at 250 psi/up to 500 psi at 100°F) 2"-24"
3. 球墨铸铁(压力125 psi下温度可达343oC；温度37oC下压力可达600 psi)，通径范围：DN50至DN300
3. Ductile Iron (up to 650°F at 125 psi/up to 600 psi at 100°F) 2"-12"
4. 不锈钢(压力125 psi下温度可达343oC；温度37oC下压力可高达2000 psi)，通径范围：DN8至DN300
4. Stainless Steel (up to 650°F at 125 psi/up to 2000 psi at 100°F) 1/4"-12"认证
Approvals
1. 美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会(MSS)
1. Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS)
2. 消防安全认证(UL®和FM)
2. Fire protection (UL® and FM)
3. 州立标准和地方标准
3. State and local codes.
二、阀门选型、功能，及管道系统的主要因素
Function and service considerations选型
Selection
在建筑物管道系统中，阀门起着控制流体的作用。由于结构和材质的不同，因此制造出的阀门也就各不相同。
Valves serve the purpose of controlling the fluids in building services piping. Valves areproduced in a variety of design types and materials.
为了保证管道系统能够实现较高的效率，较低的成本和较长的使用寿命，阀门的正确选型至关重要。
Proper selection is important to ensure the most efficient, cost-effective and long-lastingsystems.功能
Function
阀门具有四种主要功能：
Valves are designed to perform four principal functions:
1. 启动和阻止介质流动
1. Starting and stopping the flow
2. 调节(节流)介质流量
2. Regulating (throttling) the flow
3. 阻止倒流或回流
3. Preventing reversal of the flow
4. 调节或泄放流体压力
4. Regulating or relieving the pressure of the flow管道系统的主要因素
Service Considerations
1. 压力
1. Pressure
2. 温度
2. Temperature
3. 流体介质类型
3. Type of fluid
a) 流体
a) Liquid
b) 气体：例如，蒸汽或空气
b) Gas; i.e., steam or air
c) 杂质或研磨剂(侵蚀性物质)含量
c) Dirty or abrasive (erosive)
d) 腐蚀性
d) Corrosive
4. 介质流动
4. Flow
a) 开启-关闭调节
a) On-off throttling
b) 需要防止倒流或回流
b) Need to prevent flow reversal
c) 关注压降
c) Concern for pressure drop
d) 流速
d) Velocity
5. 工作环境
5. Operating conditions
a) 冷凝
a) Condensation
b) 工作频率
b) Frequency of operation
c) 可接近性
c) Accessibility
d) 外形尺寸/所适用的空间
d) Overall size/space available
e) 手动或自动控制
e) Manual or automated control
f) 需要具有无气泡关闭性能
f) Need for bubble-tight shut-off
三、连接方式
End Connectiona) 螺纹连接的多回转阀门、止回阀和球阀中的连接螺纹多为符合美国国家标准协会ANSI的锥形阴螺纹，通常用于DN65和DN80管道上。
a) Threaded-end multi-turn valves, check valves and ball valves with ANSI female taperthreads are most commonly used with pipe up to 2 1/2” or 3”. b) 焊接连接端口可以将通径达DN80的青铜多回转阀门、止回阀和球阀直接连接在铜管上。在焊接过程中，必须要小心谨慎，避免由于温度过高导致阀门受到损害。
b) Solder-end valves permit directly connecting bronze multi-turn valves, check valves andball valves up to 3” to copper tubing. Care must be taken not to overheat and damage valvesduring the soldering process.
c) 法兰连接常用于DN50以上的多回转铸铁阀门的安装上。
c) Flanged-end connections are the most common used design for installation of iron multi-turn valves 2” and larger. d) 平板(对夹)和凸耳阀体主要用于蝶阀和升降式/双门止回阀上，这种结构的阀门在两个法兰之间安装容易迅速。
d) Wafer and lug body styles are used with butterfly valves and lift/double-door check valvesfor quick, easy installation between two flanges. e) DN50以上的管状连接端口的球阀、蝶阀和止回阀安装较迅速。
e) Grooved end ball, butterfly and check valves permit the quickest installation sizes 2”and larger.
四、室内冷热水系统阀门选型
HOT AND COLD DOMESTIC WATER SERVICE SPECIFICATIONS通径DN65以下的管线控制阀
LINE CONTROL VALVES 2 1/2” AND SMALLER 球阀：
BALL VALVES: 这类阀门具有额定150 psi的安全工作压力，非冲击冷水压力可达600 psi，两件式铸青铜阀体，聚四氟乙烯阀座，标准流道，分离式压缩螺母，可调节阀杆填料，防吹出阀杆和镀铬黄铜/青铜球体。在需要关注压降的地方，应采用不缩径全流道球阀或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接端口应该具有足够深度的美国国家标准协会ANSI螺纹，或加长焊接端口，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP110标准制造。
Valves shall be rated 150 psi SWP and 600 psi nonshock CWP and will have 2-pc. cast bronzebodies, TFE seats, standard port, separate pack nut with adjustable stem packing, anti-blowoutstems and chrome-plated brass/bronze ball. Where pressure drop is a concern, full-port ballvalves of like construction are to be used. Valve ends shall have full depth ANSI threads orextended solder connections and be manufactured to comply with MSS-SP110.
注：如果管道需要保温隔热或绝缘，那么球阀就要配置耐热绝缘材料的2英寸加长手柄，还需要配置保护套筒，这样在操作阀门时不会破坏蒸汽密封或保温隔热绝缘层。如果应用在保温隔热绝缘环境，需要具备可全程调节的操作点记忆功能。
NOTE: Where piping is insulated, ball valves shall be equipped with 2” extended handles ofnon-thermal conductive material. Also provide a protective sleeve that allows operation of thevalve without breaking the vapor seal or disturbing the insulation. Memory stops, which are fulladjustable after insulation is applied, shall be included.
闸阀：
GATE VALVES: 明杆：这种阀门工作压力是125磅级和200 psi冷水压力，明杆，管接头式阀盖，实心楔板，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP 80标准制造。阀体，阀盖和楔板材质符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准青铜。阀杆材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 371标准抗失锌现象的硅青铜，或B 99低锌合金，不含石棉的填料，和可锻或球墨铸铁手轮。如果工作压力比较高，接近150 psi，则应该采用150磅级管接头阀盖或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接方式应该是螺纹或焊接。
Rising Stem: Valves shall be Class 125 and 200 psi CWP, rising stem, union bonnet, solidwedge and manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP 80. Body, bonnet and wedge are to be of bronzeASTM B 62. Stems shall be of dezincification-resistant silicon bronze ASTM B 371 or low-zincalloy B 99, non-asbestos packing and malleable or ductile iron handwheel. Where higher operatingpressures approach 150 psi, Class 150 union bonnet valves of like construction will be used.Valve ends may be threaded or solder-type.
暗杆：这种阀门工作压力是125磅级和200 psi冷水压力，暗杆，螺纹旋进阀盖，实心楔板，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP 80标准制造。阀体，阀盖，外部填料函和楔板材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准的青铜。阀杆材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B371标准的抗失锌现象的硅青铜或B 99标准的低锌合金，不含石棉的填料，可锻或球墨铸铁手轮。如果工作压力比较高，接近150 psi，则应该采用150磅级管接头阀盖或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接方式应该是螺纹或焊接。
Non-Rising Stem: Valves shall be Class 125 and 200 psi CWP, nonrising stem, screw-in bonnet,solid wedge and manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP 80. Body, bonnet, external stuffing boxand wedge are to be of bronze ASTM B 62. Stems shall be of dezincification-resistant siliconbronze ASTM B 371 or low-zinc alloy B 99, nonasbestos packing and malleable or ductile ironhandwheel. Where higher operating pressures approach 150 psi, Class 150 union bonnet valves oflike construction will be used. Valve ends may be threaded or solder-type
截止阀/角阀：
GLOBE/ANGLE VALVES: 这种阀门工作压力是125磅级，并按照美国阀门和管件制造标准化协会MSS-SP 80标准制造；阀体和阀盖材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准的青铜。阀杆材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B371标准的抗失锌现象的硅青铜或B 99标准的低锌合金，不含石棉的填料，聚四氟乙烯阀座阀瓣，可锻或球墨铸铁手轮。如果工作压力比较高，接近150 psi，则应该采用150磅级管接头阀盖或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接方式应该是螺纹或焊接。
Valves shall be Class 125 and manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP 80; body and bonnet areto be of bronze ASTM B 62. Stems shall be of dezincification-resistant silicon bronze ASTM B 371or low-zinc alloy B 99, non-asbestos packing,
TFE seat disc and malleable or ductile iron handwheel. Where higher operating pressures approach150 psi, Class 150 union bonnet valves of like construction will be used. Valve ends may bethreaded or solder type.
通径DN65以上的管线控制阀
LINE CONTROL VALVES 2 1/2” AND LARGER 蝶阀：
BUTTERFLY VALVES: 这类阀门应该是凸耳或国际管道标准I.P.S.管状连接端口阀体，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP67标准制造；通径DN50～DN300的阀门额定工作压力是200 psi非冲击冷水，DN350以上是150 psi。用于保温隔热绝缘的阀体具有2英寸的加长管径，材质是铸铁或球墨铸铁。蝶板材质是铝青铜合金，配置三元乙丙橡胶阀座和密封；或三元乙丙橡胶涂层蝶板，配置聚合物涂层阀体。阀杆应该是400系列不锈钢，不能将阀杆暴露在蝶板紧固件上。通径DN65至DN150应该配置具有10个位置节流板的操作手柄；通径DN200以上的蝶阀应该配置齿轮操作机构。凸耳结构和开槽结构蝶阀应该能够用作隔断阀，而且不需要下游法兰也可以在全压力下用作管道终端。
Valves shall be lug or I.P.S. grooved body style manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP67; 2"- 12" rated at least 200 psi non-shock cold water working pressure, 14" and larger rated at 150psi. Body to have 2" extended neck for insulating and to be cast iron or ductile iron. Valve tohave aluminum bronze alloy disc with EPDM rubber seat and seals; or EPDM rubber encapsulated discwith polymer-coated body. Stem shall be 400 series stainless steel and shall not have exposedstem to disc fasteners. Sizes 2 1/2"-6" shall be lever operated with 10-position throttlingplate; sizes 8" and larger shall have gear operators. Lug-style and grooved style shall becapable for use as isolation valves and recommended by manufacturer or dead-end service at fullpressure without the need for downstream flanges.
闸阀，截止阀/角阀：
GATE, GLOBE/ANGLE VALVES: 这些阀门工作压力为125磅级，并按照美国阀门与管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP70(闸阀)标准或MSS-SP85(截止阀/角阀)标准制造，法兰连接，螺栓阀盖，OS&Y，铸铁阀体，青铜阀内件，阀体和阀盖材质符合美国材料试验协会ASTM A 126级别B铸铁标准，填料和衬垫不含石棉。
Valves to be Class 125 manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP70 (gate) or MSS-SP85(globe/angle), flanged, bolted bonnet, OS&Y, iron body, bronze trimmed, with body and bonnetconforming to ASTM A 126 class B cast iron. Packing and gaskets to be non-asbestos.
止回阀：
CHECK VALVES: 通径DN65以下的止回阀应该采用Y形旋启式结构，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP80标准制造，工作压力125磅级，符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准的青铜阀体，配置聚四氟乙烯阀座阀座阀瓣。如果工作压力比较高，接近150 psi，则应该采用150磅级管接头阀盖或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接方式应该是螺纹或焊接。
2 1/2”and smaller shall be Y-pattern swing-type manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP80,Class 125, bronze ASTM B 62 body with TFE seat disc. Where higher operating pressures approach150 psi, Class 150 valves of like construction shall be used. Valve ends may be threaded orsolder-type.
通径DN65以上的蝶阀应该采用旋启式结构，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准协会MSS-SP71标准制造，125磅级，法兰连接，符合美国材料试验协会ASTM A 126级别B标准的铸铁阀体和青铜阀内件，不含石棉的衬垫。也可以采用平板式结构，配置不锈钢弹簧，青铜阀瓣，橡胶阀座，符合美国材料试验协会ASTM A 126级别B标准的铸铁阀体，或A 48标准的125磅级或150磅级法兰。弹簧执行机构止回阀用于管道排放。外置操作手柄和弹簧执行机构的旋启式止回阀用于污水坑、排污和雨水排泄管道。
2 1/2" and larger shall be swing-type manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP71, Class 125,flanged ASTM A 126 Class B cast iron body with bronze trim, non-asbestos gasket. Or wafer-stylewith stainless steel spring, bronze disc plates, rubber seat, body of cast iron ASTM A 126 ClassB or A 48 for use with Class 125/150 flanges. Spring-actuated valve to be used on pump discharge.Swing check with outside lever and spring to be used on sump, sewage and storm drain lines.
流量平衡阀门：
CIRCUIT BALANCING VALVES: 用于室内热水管道系统的通径DN15至DN50流量平衡阀应该是美国尼伯科截止阀结构，1710系列。阀门应该配置用于流量平衡和流量测量的整体测试端口。测试端口应该内置止回阀并配置阀盖。阀门材质应该是抗失锌现象的黄铜或青铜，压力－温度等级为121oC，240 psi。所有流量平衡阀均配置位置指示器读数，并内置操作位置记忆装置，用于重复调节和控制。
Circuit Balancing Valves 1/2" to 2" for domestic hot water service shall be NIBCO GlobeStyle, Series 1710. Valve shall have integral metering/test ports for flow balancing and flowmeasurement. Test ports shall have internal check valve and be equipped with caps. Valves shallbe manufactured from dezincification resistant brass or bronze rated 240 psi at 250°F. Allbalancing valves shall have position indication readout and built in memory stop for repeatableregulation and control.
五、热水暖气系统阀门选型
HOT WATER HEATING SERVICE SPECIFICATIONS通径DN65以下管线控制阀
LINE CONTROL VALVES 2 1/2" AND SMALLER 球阀：
BALL VALVES: 这类阀门的额定安全工作压力为150 psi，非冲击冷水工作压力为600 psi，两件式铸青铜阀体，聚四氟乙烯阀座，标准流道，分离式包装螺母，配置可调节阀杆填料，防吹出阀杆和镀铬黄铜/青铜球体。在需要关注压降的地方，需要采用不缩径全流道球阀或类似结构的阀门。阀门连接端口应该具有足够深度的美国国家标准协会ANSI螺纹，或加长焊接端口，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP110标准制造。
Valves shall be rated 150 psi SWP and 600 psi non-shock CWP and will have 2-pc. cast bronzebodies, TFE seats, standard port, separate packnut with adjustable stem packing, anti-blowoutstems and chrome-plated brass/bronze ball. Where pressure drop is a concern, full-port ballvalves of like construction are to be used. Valve ends shall have full depth ANSI threads orextended solder connections and be manufactured to comply with MSS-SP110
注：如果管道需要保温隔热或绝缘，那么球阀就要配置耐热绝缘材料的2英寸加长手柄，还需要配置保护套筒，这样在操作阀门时不会破坏蒸汽密封或保温隔热绝缘层。如果应用在保温隔热绝缘环境，需要包括可全程调节的操作点记忆功能。
NOTE: Where piping is insulated, ball valves shall be equipped with 2" extended handles ofnon-thermal conductive material. Also, provide a protective sleeve that allows operation of thevalve without breaking the vapor seal or disturbing the insulation. Memory stops, which are fullyadjustable after insulation is applied, shall be included.
闸阀：
GATE VALVES: 明杆：这种阀门工作压力是125磅级，明杆，管接头式阀盖，实心楔板，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP 80标准制造。阀体，阀盖和楔板材质符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准青铜。阀杆材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 371标准抗失锌现象的硅青铜，或B 99低锌合金，不含石棉的填料，和可锻或球墨铸铁手轮。
Valves shall be Class 125 rising stem, union bonnet, solid wedge and manufactured inaccordance with MSS-SP80. Body, bonnet and wedge are to be of bronze ASTM B 62. Stems shall be ofdezincification-resistant silicon bronze ASTM B 371 or low-zinc alloy B 99, non-asbestos packingand malleable or ductile iron handwheel. Valve ends may be threaded or solder type.
截止阀/角阀：
GLOBE/ANGLE VALVES: 这种阀门工作压力是125磅级，并按照美国阀门和管件制造标准化协会MSS-SP 80标准制造；阀体和阀盖材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B 62标准的青铜。阀杆材质是符合美国材料试验协会ASTM B371标准的抗失锌现象的硅青铜或B 99标准的低锌合金，不含石棉的填料，聚四氟乙烯阀座阀瓣，可锻或球墨铸铁手轮。
Valves shall be Class 125 and manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP80, body and bonnet areto be of bronze ASTM B 62. Stems shall be of dezincificationresistant silicon bronze ASTM B 371or low-zinc alloy B 99, non-asbestos packing, TFE seat disc and malleable or ductile ironhandwheel通径DN65以上的管线控制阀
LINE CONTROL VALVES 2 1/2” AND LARGER 蝶阀：
BUTTERFLY VALVES: 这类阀门应该是凸耳或国际管道标准I.P.S.管状连接端口阀体，并按照美国阀门和管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP67标准制造；通径DN50～DN300额定工作压力是200 psi非冲击冷水，DN350以上是150 psi。用于保温隔热绝缘的阀体具有2英寸的加长管径，材质是铸铁或球墨铸铁。蝶板材质是铝青铜合金，配置三元乙丙橡胶阀座和密封；或三元乙丙橡胶涂层蝶板，配置聚合物涂层阀体。阀杆应该是400系列不锈钢，不能将阀杆暴露在蝶板紧固件上。通径DN65至DN150应该配置具有10个位置节流板的操作手柄；通径DN200以上的蝶阀应该配置齿轮操作机构。凸耳结构和管状结构蝶阀应该能够用作隔断阀，而且不需要下游法兰也可以在全压力下用作管道终端。
Valves shall be lug or I.P.S. grooved body style manufactured in accordance with MSS-SP67;2"-12" rated at least 200 psi non-shock cold water working pressure, 14" and larger rated at 150psi. Body to have 2" extended neck for insulating and to be cast iron or ductile iron. Valve tohave aluminum bronze alloy disc with EPDM rubber seat and seals; or EPDM rubber encapsulated discwith polymer-coated body. Stem shall be 400 series stainless steel and shall not have exposedstem to disc fasteners. Sizes 2 1/2"-6" shall be lever operated with 10-position throttlingplate; sizes 8" and larger shall have gear operators. Lug-style and grooved style shall becapable for use as isolation valves and recommended by manufacturer or dead-end service at fullpressure without the need for downstream flanges.
闸阀，截止阀/角阀：
GATE, GLOBE/ANGLE VALVES: 这些阀门工作压力为125磅级，并按照美国阀门与管件制造商标准化协会MSS-SP70(闸阀)标准或MSS-SP85(截止阀/角阀)标准制造，法兰连接，螺栓阀盖，OS&Y，铸铁阀体，青铜阀内件，阀体和阀盖材质符合美国材料试验协会ASTM A 126级别B铸铁标准，填料和衬垫不含石棉。
Valves&
